ChIP experiments were performed using the SimpleChIP Enzymatic Chromatin IP kit (9003, Cell Signaling Technologies), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The antibodies used for ChIP were anti-H3K4me3 (9751), anti-H3K27c (8173), anti-Smad2 (5339), and anti-c-Jun (9165), which were purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies. ChIP-seq libraries were prepared using the KAPA HyperPrep Kit.